BIND 10 master, updated. 067550e38d9bba5831375e9cbbd93674f1353ee2 [master] ChangeLog for #2982
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- Log -----------------------------------------------------------------
commit 067550e38d9bba5831375e9cbbd93674f1353ee2
Author: Stephen Morris <stephen at isc.org>
Date: Mon Aug 5 14:02:54 2013 +0100
[master] ChangeLog for #2982
commit 26a805c7e49a9ec85ee825f179cda41a2358f4c6
Merge: c79031b 36c9258
Author: Stephen Morris <stephen at isc.org>
Date: Mon Aug 5 13:16:40 2013 +0100
[master] Merge branch 'trac2982'
Conflicts:
doc/Doxyfile
doc/devel/mainpage.dox
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of changes:
ChangeLog | 5 +
doc/Doxyfile | 44 +-
doc/devel/mainpage.dox | 3 +-
src/bin/dhcp4/dhcp4_hooks.dox | 2 +-
src/bin/dhcp6/dhcp6_hooks.dox | 2 +-
src/lib/hooks/hook_user.dox | 1031 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
src/lib/hooks/images/DataScopeArgument.dia | Bin 0 -> 1887 bytes
src/lib/hooks/images/DataScopeArgument.png | Bin 0 -> 11672 bytes
src/lib/hooks/images/DataScopeContext.dia | Bin 0 -> 2161 bytes
src/lib/hooks/images/DataScopeContext.png | Bin 0 -> 14180 bytes
10 files changed, 1062 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 src/lib/hooks/hook_user.dox
create mode 100644 src/lib/hooks/images/DataScopeArgument.dia
create mode 100644 src/lib/hooks/images/DataScopeArgument.png
create mode 100644 src/lib/hooks/images/DataScopeContext.dia
create mode 100644 src/lib/hooks/images/DataScopeContext.png
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index a3e40dd..0f45b27 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+652. [doc] stephen
+ Added the "Hook Developer's Guide" to the BIND 10 developer
+ documentation.
+ (Trac# 2982, git 26a805c7e49a9ec85ee825f179cda41a2358f4c6)
+
651. [bug] muks
A race condition when creating cmdctl certificates caused corruption
of these certificates in rare cases. This has now been fixed.
diff --git a/doc/Doxyfile b/doc/Doxyfile
index c82caa9..9967df2 100644
--- a/doc/Doxyfile
+++ b/doc/Doxyfile
@@ -661,37 +661,37 @@ WARN_LOGFILE =
# directories like "/usr/src/myproject". Separate the files or directories
# with spaces.
-INPUT = ../src/lib/exceptions \
+INPUT = ../src/bin/auth \
+ ../src/bin/d2 \
+ ../src/bin/dhcp4 \
+ ../src/bin/dhcp6 \
+ ../src/bin/resolver \
+ ../src/bin/sockcreator \
+ ../src/lib/acl \
+ ../src/lib/asiolink \
+ ../src/lib/bench \
+ ../src/lib/cache \
../src/lib/cc \
../src/lib/config \
../src/lib/cryptolink \
- ../src/lib/dns \
../src/lib/datasrc \
../src/lib/datasrc/memory \
- ../src/bin/auth \
- ../src/bin/resolver \
- ../src/lib/bench \
+ ../src/lib/dhcp \
+ ../src/lib/dhcp_ddns \
+ ../src/lib/dhcpsrv \
+ ../src/lib/dns \
+ ../src/lib/exceptions \
+ ../src/lib/hooks \
../src/lib/log \
../src/lib/log/compiler \
- ../src/lib/asiolink/ \
../src/lib/nsas \
- ../src/lib/testutils \
- ../src/lib/cache \
- ../src/lib/server_common/ \
- ../src/bin/sockcreator/ \
- ../src/lib/hooks/ \
- ../src/lib/util/ \
- ../src/lib/util/io/ \
- ../src/lib/util/threads/ \
../src/lib/resolve \
- ../src/lib/acl \
+ ../src/lib/server_common \
../src/lib/statistics \
- ../src/bin/dhcp6 \
- ../src/lib/dhcp \
- ../src/lib/dhcpsrv \
- ../src/bin/dhcp4 \
- ../src/lib/dhcp_ddns \
- ../src/bin/d2 \
+ ../src/lib/testutils \
+ ../src/lib/util \
+ ../src/lib/util/io \
+ ../src/lib/util/threads \
../tests/tools/perfdhcp \
devel
@@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ EXAMPLE_RECURSIVE = NO
# directories that contain image that are included in the documentation (see
# the \image command).
-IMAGE_PATH = ../doc/images
+IMAGE_PATH = ../doc/images ../src/lib/hooks/images
# The INPUT_FILTER tag can be used to specify a program that doxygen should
# invoke to filter for each input file. Doxygen will invoke the filter program
diff --git a/doc/devel/mainpage.dox b/doc/devel/mainpage.dox
index 9f165cf..685d9e6 100644
--- a/doc/devel/mainpage.dox
+++ b/doc/devel/mainpage.dox
@@ -36,9 +36,10 @@
* Regardless of your field of expertise, you are encouraged to visit
* <a href="http://bind10.isc.org/">BIND10 webpage (http://bind10.isc.org)</a>
* @section hooksFramework Hooks Framework
- * - @subpage hooksComponentDeveloperGuide
+ * - @subpage hooksdgDevelopersGuide
* - @subpage dhcpv4Hooks
* - @subpage dhcpv6Hooks
+ * - @subpage hooksComponentDeveloperGuide
*
* @section dnsMaintenanceGuide DNS Maintenance Guide
* - Authoritative DNS (todo)
diff --git a/src/bin/dhcp4/dhcp4_hooks.dox b/src/bin/dhcp4/dhcp4_hooks.dox
index 44704a8..85fcfc4 100644
--- a/src/bin/dhcp4/dhcp4_hooks.dox
+++ b/src/bin/dhcp4/dhcp4_hooks.dox
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
BIND10 features an API (the "Hooks" API) that allows user-written code to
be integrated into BIND 10 and called at specific points in its processing.
An overview of the API and a tutorial for writing such code can be found in
- the @ref hooksDevelopersGuide. Information for BIND 10 maintainers can be
+ the @ref hooksdgDevelopersGuide. Information for BIND 10 maintainers can be
found in the @ref hooksComponentDeveloperGuide.
This manual is more specialised and is aimed at developers of hook
diff --git a/src/bin/dhcp6/dhcp6_hooks.dox b/src/bin/dhcp6/dhcp6_hooks.dox
index a584179..dba086b 100644
--- a/src/bin/dhcp6/dhcp6_hooks.dox
+++ b/src/bin/dhcp6/dhcp6_hooks.dox
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
BIND10 features an API (the "Hooks" API) that allows user-written code to
be integrated into BIND 10 and called at specific points in its processing.
An overview of the API and a tutorial for writing such code can be found in
- the @ref hooksDevelopersGuide. Information for BIND 10 maintainers can be
+ the @ref hooksdgDevelopersGuide. Information for BIND 10 maintainers can be
found in the @ref hooksComponentDeveloperGuide.
This manual is more specialised and is aimed at developers of hook
diff --git a/src/lib/hooks/hook_user.dox b/src/lib/hooks/hook_user.dox
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a804720
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/hooks/hook_user.dox
@@ -0,0 +1,1031 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2013 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
+//
+// Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+// purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+// copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
+// REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+// AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
+// INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM
+// LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE
+// OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
+// PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+// Note: the prefix "hooksdg" to all labels is an abbreviation for "Hooks
+// Developer's Guide" and is used to prevent a clash with symbols in any
+// other Doxygen file.
+
+/**
+ @page hooksdgDevelopersGuide Hook Developer's Guide
+
+ @section hooksdgIntroduction Introduction
+
+Although the BIND 10 framework and its associated DNS and DHCP programs
+provide comprehensive functionality, there will be times when it does
+not quite do what you require: the processing has to be extended in some
+way to solve your problem.
+
+Since the BIND 10 source code is freely available (BIND 10 being an
+open-source project), one option is to modify it to do what
+you want. Whilst perfectly feasible, there are drawbacks:
+
+- Although well-documented, BIND 10 is a large program. Just
+understanding how it works will take a significant amount of time. In
+addition, despite the fact that its object-oriented design keeps the
+coupling between modules to a minimum, an inappropriate change to one
+part of the program during the extension could cause another to
+behave oddly or to stop working altogether.
+
+- The change may need to be re-applied or re-written with every new
+version of BIND 10. As new functionality is added or bugs are fixed,
+the code or algorithms in the core software may change - and may change
+significantly.
+
+To overcome these problems, BIND 10 provides the "Hooks" interface -
+a defined interface for third-party or user-written code. (For ease of
+reference in the rest of this document, all such code will be referred
+to as "user code".) At specific points in its processing
+("hook points") BIND 10 will make a call to this code. The call passes
+data that the user code can examine and, if required, modify.
+BIND 10 uses the modified data in the remainder of its processing.
+
+In order to minimise the interaction between BIND 10 and the user
+code, the latter is built independently of BIND 10 in the form of
+a shared library (or libraries). These are made known to BIND 10
+through its configuration mechanism, and BIND 10 loads the library at
+run time. Libraries can be unloaded and reloaded as needed while BIND
+10 is running.
+
+Use of a defined API and the BIND 10 configuration mechanism means that
+as new versions of BIND 10 are released, there is no need to modify
+the user code. Unless there is a major change in an interface
+(which will be clearly documented), all that will be required is a rebuild
+of the libraries.
+
+ at note Although the defined interface should not change, the internals
+of some of the classes and structures referenced by the user code may
+change between versions of BIND 10. These changes have to be reflected
+in the compiled version of the software, hence the need for a rebuild.
+
+ at subsection hooksdgLanguages Languages
+
+The core of BIND 10 is written in C++. While it is the intention to
+provide interfaces into user code written in other languages, the initial
+versions of the Hooks system requires that user code be written in C++.
+All examples in this guide are in that language.
+
+ at subsection hooksdgTerminology Terminology
+
+In the remainder of this guide, the following terminology is used:
+
+- Hook/Hook Point - used interchageably, this is a point in the code at
+which a call to user functions is made. Each hook has a name and
+each hook can have any number (including 0) of user functions
+attached to it.
+
+- Callout - a user function called by the server at a hook
+point. This is so-named because the server "calls out" to the library
+to execute a user function.
+
+- Framework function - the functions that a user library needs to
+supply in order for the hooks framework to load and unload the library.
+
+- User code/user library - non-BIND 10 code that is compiled into a
+shared library and loaded by BIND 10 into its address space.
+
+
+ at section hooksdgTutorial Tutorial
+
+To illustrate how to write code that integrates with BIND 10, we will
+use the following (rather contrived) example:
+
+The BIND 10 DHCPv4 server is used to allocate IPv4 addresses to clients
+(as well as to pass them other information such as the address of DNS
+servers). We will suppose that we need to classify clients requesting
+IPv4 addresses according to their hardware address, and want to log both
+the hardware address and allocated IP address for the clients of interest.
+
+The following sections describe how to implement these requirements.
+The code presented here is not efficient and there are better ways of
+doing the task. The aim however, is to illustrate the main features of
+user hook code not to provide an optimal solution.
+
+
+ at subsection hooksdgFrameworkFunctions Framework Functions
+
+Loading and initializing a library holding user code makes use
+of three (user-supplied) functions:
+
+- version - defines the version of BIND 10 code with which the user-library
+is built
+- load - called when the library is loaded by the server.
+- unload - called when the library is unloaded by the server.
+
+Of these, only "version" is mandatory, although in our example, all three
+are used.
+
+ at subsubsection hooksdgVersionFunction The "version" Function
+
+"version" is used by the hooks framework to check that the libraries
+it is loading are compatible with the version of BIND 10 being run.
+Although the hooks system allows BIND 10 and user code to interface
+through a defined API, the relationship is somewhat tight in that the
+user code will depend on the internal structures of BIND 10. If these
+change - as they can between BIND 10 releases - and BIND 10 is run with
+a version of user code built against an earlier version of BIND
+10, a program crash could result.
+
+To guard against this, the "version" function must be provided in every
+library. It returns a constant defined in header files of the version
+of BIND 10 against which it was built. The hooks framework checks this
+for compatibility with the running version of BIND 10 before loading
+the library.
+
+In this tutorial, we'll put "version" in its own file, version.cc. The
+contents are:
+
+ at code
+// version.cc
+
+#include <hooks/hooks.h>
+
+extern "C" {
+
+int version() {
+ return (BIND10_HOOKS_VERSION);
+}
+
+};
+ at endcode
+
+The file "hooks/hooks.h" is specified relative to the BIND 10 libraries
+source directory - this is covered later in the section @ref hooksdgBuild.
+It defines the symbol BIND10_HOOKS_VERSION, which has a value that changes
+on every release of BIND 10: this is the value that needs to be returned
+to the hooks framework.
+
+A final point to note is that the definition of "version" is enclosed
+within 'extern "C"' braces. All functions accessed by the hooks
+framework use C linkage, mainly to avoid the name mangling that
+accompanies use of the C++ compiler, but also to avoid issues related
+to namespaces.
+
+ at subsubsection hooksdgLoadUnloadFunctions The "load" and "unload" Functions
+
+As the names suggest, "load" is called when a library is loaded and
+"unload" called when it is unloaded. (It is always guaranteed that
+"load" is called: "unload" may not be called in some circumstances,
+e.g. if the system shuts down abnormally.) These functions are the
+places where any library-wide resources are allocated and deallocated.
+"load" is also the place where any callouts with non-standard names
+(names that are not hook point names) can be registered:
+this is covered further in the section @ref hooksdgCalloutRegistration.
+
+The example does not make any use callouts with non-standard names. However,
+as our design requires that the log file be open while BIND 10 is active
+and the library loaded, we'll open the file in the "load" function and close
+it in "unload".
+
+We create two files, one for the file handle declaration:
+
+ at code
+// library_common.h
+
+#ifndef LIBRARY_COMMON_H
+#define LIBRARY_COMMON_H
+
+#include <fstream>
+
+// "Interesting clients" log file handle declaration.
+extern std::fstream interesting;
+
+#endif // LIBRARY_COMMON_H
+ at endcode
+
+... and one to hold the "load" and "unload" functions:
+
+ at code
+// load_unload.cc
+
+#include <hooks/hooks.h>
+#include "library_common.h"
+
+// "Interesting clients" log file handle definition.
+std::fstream interesting;
+
+extern "C" {
+
+int load(LibraryHandle&) {
+ interesting.open("/data/clients/interesting.log",
+ std::fstream::out | std::fstream::app);
+ return (interesting ? 0 : 1);
+}
+
+int unload() {
+ if (interesting) {
+ interesting.close();
+ }
+ return (0);
+}
+
+};
+ at endcode
+
+Notes:
+- The file handle ("interesting") is declared in a header file and defined
+outside of any function. This means it can be accessed by any function
+within the user library. For convenience, the definition is in the
+load_unload.cc file.
+- "load" is called with a LibraryHandle argument, this being used in
+the registration of functions. As no functions are being registered
+in this example, the argument specification omits the variable name
+(whilst retaining the type) to avoid an "unused variable" compiler
+warning. (The LibraryHandle and its use is discussed in the section
+ at ref hooksdgLibraryHandle.)
+- In the current version of the hooks framework, it is not possible to pass
+any configuration information to the "load" function. The name of the log
+file must therefore be hard-coded as an absolute path name or communicated
+to the user code by some other means.
+- "load" must 0 on success and non-zero on error. The hooks framework
+will abandon the loading of the library if "load" returns an error status.
+(In this example, "interesting" can be tested as a boolean value,
+returning "true" if the file opened successfully.)
+- "unload" closes the log file if it is open and is a no-op otherwise. As
+with "load", a zero value must be returned on success and a non-zero value
+on an error. The hooks framework will record a non-zero status return
+as an error in the current BIND 10 log but otherwise ignore it.
+- As before, the function definitions are enclosed in 'extern "C"' braces.
+
+ at subsection hooksdgCallouts Callouts
+
+Having sorted out the framework, we now come to the functions that
+actually do something. These functions are known as "callouts" because
+the BIND 10 code "calls out" to them. Each BIND 10 server has a number of
+hooks to which callouts can be attached: server-specific documentation
+describes in detail the points in the server at which the hooks are
+present together with the data passed to callouts attached to them.
+
+Before we continue with the example, we'll discuss how arguments are
+passed to callouts and information is returned to the server. We will
+also discuss how information can be moved between callouts.
+
+ at subsubsection hooksdgCalloutSignature The Callout Signature
+
+All callouts are declared with the signature:
+ at code
+extern "C" {
+int callout(CalloutHandle& handle);
+};
+ at endcode
+
+(As before, the callout is declared with "C" linkage.) Information is passed
+between BIND 10 and the callout through name/value pairs in the CalloutHandle
+object. The object is also used to pass information between callouts on a
+per-request basis. (Both of these concepts are explained below.)
+
+A callout returns an "int" as a status return. A value of 0 indicates
+success, anything else signifies an error. The status return has no
+effect on server processing; the only difference between a success
+and error code is that if the latter is returned, the server will
+log an error, specifying both the library and hook that generated it.
+Effectively the return status provides a quick way for a callout to log
+error information to the BIND 10 logging system.
+
+ at subsubsection hooksdgArguments Callout Arguments
+
+The CalloutHandle object provides two methods to get and set the
+arguments passed to the callout. These methods are called (naturally
+enough) getArgument and SetArgument. Their usage is illustrated by the
+following code snippets.
+
+ at code
+ // Server-side code snippet to show the setting of arguments
+
+ int count = 10;
+ boost::shared_ptr<Pkt4> pktptr = ... // Set to appropriate value
+
+ // Assume that "handle" has been created
+ handle.setArgument("data_count", count);
+ handle.setArgument("inpacket", pktptr);
+
+ // Call the callouts attached to the hook
+ ...
+
+ // Retrieve the modified values
+ handle.getArgument("data_count", count);
+ handle.getArgument("inpacket", pktptr);
+ at endcode
+
+In the callout
+
+ at code
+ int number;
+ boost::shared_ptr<Pkt4> packet;
+
+ // Retrieve data set by the server.
+ handle.getArgument("data_count", number);
+ handle.getArgument("inpacket", packet);
+
+ // Modify "number"
+ number = ...;
+
+ // Update the arguments to send the value back to the server.
+ handle.setArgument("data_count", number);
+ at endcode
+
+As can be seen "getArgument" is used to retrieve data from the
+CalloutHandle, and setArgument used to put data into it. If a callout
+wishes to alter data and pass it back to the server, it should retrieve
+the data with getArgument, modify it, and call setArgument to send
+it back.
+
+There are several points to be aware of:
+
+- the data type of the variable in the call to getArgument must match
+the data type of the variable passed to the corresponding setArgument
+<B>exactly</B>: using what would normally be considered to be a
+"compatible" type is not enough. For example, if the server passed
+an argument as an "int" and the callout attempted to retrieve it as a
+"long", an exception would be thrown even though any value that can
+be stored in an "int" will fit into a "long". This restriction also
+applies the "const" attribute but only as applied to data pointed to by
+pointers, e.g. if an argument is defined as a "char*", an exception will
+be thrown if an attempt is made to retrieve it into a variable of type
+"const char*". (However, if an argument is set as a "const int", it can
+be retrieved into an "int".) The documentation of each hook point will
+detail the data type of each argument.
+- Although all arguments can be modified, some altered values may not
+be read by the server. (These would be ones that the server considers
+"read-only".) Consult the documentation of each hook to see whether an
+argument can be used to transfer data back to the server.
+- If a pointer to an object is passed to a callout (either a "raw"
+pointer, or a boost smart pointer (as in the example above), and the
+underlying object is altered through that pointer, the change will be
+reflected in the server even if no call is made to setArgument.
+
+In all cases, consult the documentation for the particular hook to see whether
+parameters can be modified. As a general rule:
+
+- Do not alter arguments unless you mean the change to be reflected in
+the server.
+- If you alter an argument, call CalloutHandle::setArgument to update the
+value in the CalloutHandle object.
+
+ at subsubsection hooksdgSkipFlag The "Skip" Flag
+
+When a to callouts attached to a hook returns, the server will usually continue
+its processing. However, a callout might have done something that means that
+the server should follow another path. Possible actions a server could take
+include:
+
+- Skip the next stage of processing because the callout has already
+done it. For example, a hook is located just before the DHCP server
+allocates an address to the client. A callout may decide to allocate
+special addresses for certain clients, in which case it needs to tell
+the server not to allocate an address in this case.
+- Drop the packet and continue with the next request. A possible scenario
+is a DNS server where a callout inspects the source address of an incoming
+packet and compares it against a black list; if the address is on it,
+the callout notifies the server to drop the packet.
+
+To handle these common cases, the CalloutHandle has a "skip" flag.
+This is set by a callout when it wishes the server to skip normal
+processing. It is set false by the hooks framework before callouts on a
+hook are called. If the flag is set on return, the server will take the
+"skip" action relevant for the hook.
+
+The methods to get and set the "skip" flag are getSkip and setSkip. Their
+usage is intuitive:
+
+ at code
+ // Get the current setting of the skip flag.
+ bool skip = handle.getSkip();
+
+ // Do some processing...
+ :
+ if (lease_allocated) {
+ // Flag the server to skip the next step of the processing as we
+ // already have an address.
+ handle.setSkip(true);
+ }
+ return;
+
+ at endcode
+
+Like arguments, the "skip" flag is passed to all callouts on a hook. Callouts
+later in the list are able to examine (and modify) the settings of earlier ones.
+
+ at subsubsection hooksdgCalloutContext Per-Request Context
+
+Although many of the BIND 10 modules can be characterised as handling
+singles packet - e.g. the DHCPv4 server receives a DISCOVER packet,
+processes it and responds with an OFFER, this is not true in all cases.
+The principal exception is the recursive DNS resolver: this receives a
+packet from a client but that packet may itself generate multiple packets
+being sent to upstream servers. To avoid possible confusion the rest of
+this section uses the term "request" to indicate a request by a client
+for some information or action.
+
+As well as argument information, the CalloutHandle object can be used by
+callouts to attach information to a request being handled by the server.
+This information (known as "context") is not used by the server: its purpose
+is to allow callouts to pass information between one another on a
+per-request basis.
+
+Context only exists only for the duration of the request: when a request
+is completed, the context is destroyed. A new request starts with no
+context information. Context is particularly useful in servers that may
+be processing multiple requests simultaneously: callouts can effectively
+attach data to a request that follows the request around the system.
+
+Context information is held as name/value pairs in the same way
+as arguments, being accessed by the pair of methods setContext and
+getContext. They have the same restrictions as the setArgument and
+getArgument methods - the type of data retrieved from context must
+<B>exactly</B> match the type of the data set.
+
+The example in the next section illustrates their use.
+
+ at subsection hooksdgExampleCallouts Example Callouts
+
+Continuing with the tutorial, the requirements need us to retrieve the
+hardware address of the incoming packet, classify it, and write it,
+together with the assigned IP address, to a log file. Although we could
+do this in one callout, for this example we'll use two:
+
+- pkt_rcvd - a callout on this hook is invoked when a packet has been
+received and has been parsed. It is passed a single argument, "query"
+which is an isc::dhcp::Pkt4 object (representing a DHCP v4 packet).
+We will do the classification here.
+
+- v4_lease_write_post - called when the lease (an assignment of an IPv4
+address to a client for a fixed period of time) has been written to the
+database. It is passed two arguments, the query ("query")
+and the response (called "reply"). This is the point at which the
+example code will write the hardware and IP addresses to the log file.
+
+The standard for naming callouts is to give them the same name as
+the hook. If this is done, the callouts will be automatically found
+by the Hooks system (this is discussed further in section @ref
+hooksdgCalloutRegistration). For our example, we will assume this is the
+case, so the code for the first callout (used to classify the client's
+hardware address) is:
+
+ at code
+// pkt_rcvd.cc
+
+#include <hooks/hooks.h>
+#include <dhcp/pkt4.h>
+#include "library_common.h"
+
+#include <string>
+
+using namespace isc::dhcp;
+using namespace std;
+
+extern "C" {
+
+// This callout is called at the "pkt_rcvd" hook.
+int pkt_rcvd(CalloutHandle& handle) {
+
+ // A pointer to the packet is passed to the callout via a "boost" smart
+ // pointer. The include file "pkt4.h" typedefs a pointer to the Pkt4
+ // object as Pkt4Ptr. Retrieve a pointer to the object.
+ Pkt4Ptr query_ptr;
+ handle.getArgument("query", query_ptr);
+
+ // Point to the hardware address.
+ HwAddrPtr hwaddr_ptr = query_ptr->getHWAddr();
+
+ // The hardware address is held in a public member variable. We'll classify
+ // it as interesting if the sum of all the bytes in it is divisible by 4.
+ // (This is a contrived example after all!)
+ long sum = 0;
+ for (int i = 0; i < hwaddr_ptr->hwaddr_.size(); ++i) {
+ sum += hwaddr_ptr->hwadr_[i];
+ }
+
+ // Classify it.
+ if (sum % 4 == 0) {
+ // Store the text form of the hardware address in the context to pass
+ // to the next callout.
+ handle.setContext("hwaddr", hwaddr_ptr->hwaddr_.toText());
+ }
+
+ return (0);
+};
+ at endcode
+
+The pct_rcvd callout placed the hardware address of an interesting client in
+the "hwaddr" context for the packet. Turning now to the callout that will
+write this information to the log file:
+
+ at code
+// v4_lease_write.cc
+
+#include <hooks/hooks.h>
+#include <dhcp/pkt4.h>
+#include "library_common.h"
+
+#include <string>
+
+using namespace isc::dhcp;
+using namespace std;
+
+extern "C" {
+
+// This callout is called at the "v4_lease_write_post" hook.
+int v4_lease_write_post(CalloutHandle& handle) {
+
+ // Obtain the hardware address of the "interesting" client. We have to
+ // use a try...catch block here because if the client was not interesting,
+ // no information would be set and getArgument would thrown an exception.
+ string hwaddr;
+ try (handle.getArgument("hwaddr", hwaddr) {
+
+ // getArgument didn't throw so the client is interesting. Get a pointer
+ // to the reply. Note that the argument list for this hook also
+ // contains a pointer to the query: we don't need to access that in this
+ // example.
+ Pkt4Ptr reply;
+ handle.getArgument("reply", reply);
+
+ // Get the string form of the IP address.
+ string ipaddr = reply->getYiaddr().toText();
+
+ // Write the information to the log file.
+ interesting << hwaddr << " " << ipaddr << "\n";
+
+ // ... and to guard against a crash, we'll flush the output stream.
+ flush(interesting);
+
+ } catch (const NoSuchCalloutContext&) {
+
+ // No such element in the per-request context with the name
+ // "hwaddr". We will do nothing, so just dismiss the exception.
+
+ }
+
+ return (0);
+}
+
+};
+ at endcode
+
+ at subsection hooksdgBuild Building the Library
+
+Building the code requires building a shareable library. This requires
+the the code be compiled as positition-independent code (using the
+compiler's "-fpic" switch) and linked as a shared library (with the
+linker's "-shared" switch). The build command also needs to point to
+the BIND 10 include directory and link in the appropriate libraries.
+
+Assuming that BIND 10 has been installed in the default location, the
+command line needed to create the library using the Gnu C++ compiler on a
+Linux system is:
+
+ at code
+g++ -I /usr/include/bind10 -L /usr/lib/bind10 -fpic -shared -o example.so \
+ load_unload.cc pkt_rcvd.cc v4_lease_write.cc version.cc \
+ -lb10-dhcp++ -lb10-util -lb10-exceptions
+ at endcode
+
+Notes:
+- The compilation command and switches required may vary depending on
+your operating system and compiler - consult the relevant documentation
+for details.
+- The values for the "-I" and "-L" switches depend on where you have
+installed BIND 10.
+- The list of libraries that need to be included in the command line
+depends on the functionality used by the hook code and the module to
+which they are attached (e.g. hook code for DNS will need to link against
+the libb10-dns++ library). Depending on operating system, you may also need
+to explicitly list libraries on which the BIND 10 libraries depend.
+
+ at subsection hooksdgConfiguration Configuring the Hook Library
+
+The final step is to make the library known to BIND 10. All BIND 10 modules to
+which hooks can be added contain the "hook_library" element, and user
+libraries are added to this. (The BIND 10 hooks system can handle multiple libraries - this is discussed below.).
+
+To add the example library (assumed to be in /usr/local/lib) to the DHCPv4
+module, the following bindctl commands must be executed:
+
+ at code
+> config add Dhcp4/hook_libraries
+> config set Dhcp4/hook_libraries[0] "/usr/local/lib/example.so"
+> config commit
+ at endcode
+
+The DHCPv4 server will load the library and execute the callouts each time a
+request is received.
+
+ at section hooksdgAdvancedTopics Advanced Topics
+
+ at subsection hooksdgContextCreateDestroy Context Creation and Destruction
+
+As well as the hooks defined by the server, the hooks framework defines
+two hooks of its own, "context_create" and "context_destroy". The first
+is called when a request is created in the server, before any of the
+server-specific hooks gets called. It's purpose it to allow a library
+to initialize per-request context. The second is called after all
+server-defined hooks have been processed, and is to allow a library to
+tidy up.
+
+As an example, the v4_lease_write example above required that the code
+check for an exception being thrown when accessing the "hwaddr" context
+item in case it was not set. An alternative strategy would have been to
+provide a callout for the "context_create" hook and set the context item
+"hwaddr" to an empty string. Instead of needing to handle an exception,
+v4_lease_write would be guaranteed to get something when looking for
+the hwaddr item and so could write or not write the output depending on
+the value.
+
+In most cases, "context_destroy" is not needed as the Hooks system
+automatically deletes context. An example where it could be required
+is where memory has been allocated by a callout during the processing
+of a request and a raw pointer to it stored in the context object. On
+destruction of the context, that memory will not be automatically
+released. Freeing in the memory in the "context_destroy callout will solve
+that problem.
+
+Actually, when the context is destroyed, the destructor
+associated with any objects stored in it are run. Rather than point to
+allocated memory with a raw pointer, a better idea would be to point to
+it with a boost "smart" pointer and store that pointer in the context.
+When the context is destroyed, the smart pointer's destructor is run,
+which will automatically delete the pointed-to object.
+
+These approaches are illustrated in the following examples.
+Here it is assumed that the hooks library is performing some form of
+security checking on the packet and needs to maintain information in
+a user-specified "SecurityInformation" object. (The details of this
+fictitious object are of no concern here.) The object is created in
+the context_create callout and used in both the pkt4_rcvd and the
+v4_lease_write_post callouts.
+
+ at code
+// Storing information in a "raw" pointer. Assume that the
+
+#include <hooks/hooks.h>
+ :
+
+extern "C" {
+
+// context_create callout - called when the request is created.
+int context_create(CalloutHandle& handle) {
+ // Create the security information and store it in the context
+ // for this packet.
+ SecurityInformation* si = new SecurityInformation();
+ handle.setContext("security_information", si);
+}
+
+// Callouts that use the context
+int pktv_rcvd(CalloutHandle& handle) {
+ // Retrieve the pointer to the SecurityInformation object
+ SecurityInformation si;
+ handle.getContext("security_information", si);
+ :
+ :
+ // Set the security information
+ si->setSomething(...);
+
+ // The pointed-to information has been updated but the pointer has not been
+ // altered, so there is no need to call setContext() again.
+}
+
+int v4_lease_write_post(CalloutHandle& handle) {
+ // Retrieve the pointer to the SecurityInformation object
+ SecurityInformation si;
+ handle.getContext("security_information", si);
+ :
+ :
+ // Retrieve security information
+ bool active = si->getSomething(...);
+ :
+}
+
+// Context destruction. We need to delete the pointed-to SecurityInformation
+// object because we will lose the pointer to it when the CalloutHandle is
+// destroyed.
+int context_destroy(CalloutHandle& handle) {
+ // Retrieve the pointer to the SecurityInformation object
+ SecurityInformation si;
+ handle.getContext("security_information", si);
+
+ // Delete the pointed-to memory.
+ delete si;
+}
+ at endcode
+
+The requirement for the context_destroy callout can be eliminated if
+a Boost shared ptr is used to point to the allocated memory:
+
+ at code
+// Storing information in a "raw" pointer. Assume that the
+
+#include <hooks/hooks.h>
+#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+ :
+
+extern "C" {
+
+// context_create callout - called when the request is created.
+
+int context_create(CalloutHandle& handle) {
+ // Create the security information and store it in the context for this
+ // packet.
+ boost::shared_ptr<SecurityInformation> si(new SecurityInformation());
+ handle.setContext("security_information", si);
+}
+
+// Other than the data type, a shared pointer has similar semantics to a "raw"
+// pointer. Only the code from pkt_rcvd is shown here.
+
+int pktv_rcvd(CalloutHandle& handle) {
+ // Retrieve the pointer to the SecurityInformation object
+ boost::shared_ptr<SecurityInformation> si;
+ handle.setContext("security_information", si);
+ :
+ :
+ // Modify the security information
+ si->setSomething(...);
+
+ // The pointed-to information has been updated but the pointer has not
+ // altered, so theree is no need to reset the context.
+}
+
+// No context_destroy callout is needed to delete the allocated
+// SecurityInformation object. When the CalloutHandle is destroyed, the shared
+// pointer object will be destroyed. If that is the last shared pointer to the
+// allocated memory, then it too will be deleted.
+ at endcode
+
+(Note that a Boost shared pointer - rather than any other Boost smart pointer -
+should be used, as the pointer objects are copied within the hooks framework and
+only shared pointers have the correct behavior for the copy operation.)
+
+
+ at subsection hooksdgCalloutRegistration Registering Callouts
+
+As briefly mentioned in @ref hooksdgExampleCallouts, the standard is for
+callouts in the user library to have the same name as the name of the
+hook to which they are being attached. This convention was followed
+in the tutorial, e.g. the callout that needed to be attached to the
+"pkt_rcvd" hook was named pkt_rcvd.
+
+The reason for this convention is that when the library is loaded, the
+hook framework automatically searches the library for functions with
+the same names as the server hooks. When it finds one, it attaches it
+to the appropriate hook point. This simplifies the loading process and
+bookkeeping required to create a library of callouts.
+
+However, the hooks system is flexible in this area: callouts can have
+non-standard names, and multiple callouts can be registered on a hook.
+
+ at subsubsection hooksdgLibraryHandle The LibraryHandle Object
+
+The way into the part of the hooks framework that allows callout
+registration is through the LibraryHandle object. This was briefly
+introduced in the discussion of the framework functions, in that
+an object of this type is pass to the "load" function. A LibraryHandle
+can also be obtained from within a callout by calling the CalloutHandle's
+getLibraryHandle() method.
+
+The LibraryHandle provides three methods to manipulate callouts:
+
+- registerCallout - register a callout on a hook.
+- deregisterCallout - deregister a callout from a hook.
+- deregisterAllCallouts - deregister all callouts on a hook.
+
+The following sections cover some of the ways in which these can be used.
+
+ at subsubsection hooksdgNonstandardCalloutNames Non-Standard Callout Names
+
+The example in the tutorial used standard names for the callouts. As noted
+above, it is possible to use non-standard names. Suppose, instead of the
+callout names "pkt_rcvd" and "v4_lease_write", we had named our callouts
+"classify" and "write_data". The hooks framework would not have registered
+these callouts, so we would have needed to do it ourself. The place to
+do this is the "load" framework function, and its code would have had to
+been modified to:
+
+ at code
+int load(LibraryHandle& libhandle) {
+ // Register the callouts on the hooks. We assume that a header file
+ // declares the "classify" and "write_data" functions.
+ libhandle.registerCallout("pkt_rcvd", classify);
+ libhandle.registerCallout("v4_lease_write", write_data);
+
+ // Open the log file
+ interesting.open("/data/clients/interesting.log",
+ std::fstream::out | std::fstream::app);
+ return (interesting ? 0 : 1);
+}
+ at endcode
+
+It is possible for a library to contain callouts with both standard and
+non-standard names: ones with standard names will be registered automatically,
+ones with non-standard names need to be registered manually.
+
+ at subsubsection hooksdgMultipleCallouts Multiple Callouts on a Hook
+
+The BIND 10 hooks framework allows multiple callouts to be attached to
+a hook point. Although it is likely to be rare for user code to need to
+do this, there may be instances where it make sense.
+
+To register multiple callouts on a hook, just call
+LibraryHandle::registerCallout multiple times on the same hook, e.g.
+
+ at code
+ libhandle.registerCallout("pkt_rcvd", classify);
+ libhandle.registerCallout("pkt_rcvd", write_data);
+ at endcode
+
+The hooks framework will call the callouts in the order they are
+registered. The same CalloutHandle is passed between them, so any
+change made to the CalloutHandle's arguments, "skip" flag, or per-request
+context by the first is visible to the second.
+
+ at subsubsection hooksdgDynamicRegistration Dynamic Registration and Reregistration of Callouts
+
+The previous sections have dealt with callouts being registered during
+the call to "load". The hooks framework is more flexible than that
+in that callouts can be registered and deregistered within a callout.
+In fact, a callout is able to register or deregister itself, and a callout
+is able to be registered on a hook multiple times.
+
+Using our contrived example again, the DHCPv4 server processes one request
+to completion before it starts processing the next. With this knowledge,
+we could alter the logic of the code so that the callout attached to the
+"pkt_rcvd" hook registers the callout doing the logging when it detects
+an interesting packet, and the callout doing the logging deregisters
+itself in its execution. The relevant modifications to the code in
+the tutorial are shown below:
+
+ at code
+// pkt_rcvd.cc
+// :
+
+int pkt_rcvd(CalloutHandle& handle) {
+
+ :
+ :
+
+ // Classify it.
+ if (sum % 4 == 0) {
+ // Store the text form of the hardware address in the context to pass
+ // to the next callout.
+ handle.setContext("hwaddr", hwaddr_ptr->hwaddr_.toText());
+
+ // Register the callback to log the data.
+ handle.getLibraryHandle().registerCallout("v4_lease_write", write_data);
+ }
+
+ return (0);
+};
+ at endcode
+
+ at code
+// v4_lease_write.cc
+ :
+
+int write_data(CalloutHandle& handle) {
+
+ // Obtain the hardware address of the "interesting" client. As the
+ // callback is only registered when interesting data is present, we
+ // know that the context contains the hardware address so an exception
+ // will not be thrown when we call getArgument().
+ string hwaddr;
+ handle.getArgument("hwaddr", hwaddr);
+
+ // The pointer to the reply.
+ ConstPkt4Ptr reply;
+ handle.getArgument("reply", reply);
+
+ // Get the string form of the IP address.
+ string ipaddr = reply->getYiaddr().toText():
+
+ // Write the information to the log file and flush.
+ interesting << hwaddr << " " << ipaddr << "\n";
+ flush(interesting);
+
+ // We've logged the data, so deregister ourself. This callout will not
+ // be called again until it is registered by pkt_rcvd.
+
+ handle.getLibraryHandle().deregisterCallout("v4_lease_write", write_data);
+
+ return (0);
+}
+ at endcode
+
+Note that the above example used a non-standard name for the callout
+that wrote the data. Had the name been a standard one, it would have been
+registered when the library was loaded and called for the first request,
+regardless of whether that was defined as "interesting". (Although as
+callouts with standard names are always registered before "load" gets called,
+we could have got round that problem by deregistering that particular
+callout in the "load" function.)
+
+
+ at note Deregistration of a callout on the hook that is currently
+being called only takes effect when the server next calls the hook.
+To illustrate this, suppose the callouts attached to a hook are A, B and C
+(in that order), and during execution, A deregisters B and C and adds D.
+When callout A returns, B and C will still run. The next time the server
+calls the hook's callouts, A and D will run (in that order).
+
+ at subsection hooksdgMultipleLibraries Multiple User Libraries
+
+As alluded to in the section @ref hooksdgConfiguration, BIND 10 can load
+multiple libraries. The libraries are loaded in the order specified in
+the configuration, and the callouts attached to the hooks in the order
+presented by the libraries.
+
+The following picture illustrates this, and also illustrates the scope of
+data passed around the system.
+
+ at image html DataScopeArgument.png "Scope of Arguments"
+
+In this illustration, a server has three hook points, alpha, beta
+and gamma. Two libraries are configured, library 1 and library 2.
+Library 1 registers the callout "authorize" for hook alpha, "check" for
+hook beta and "add_option" for hook gamma. Library 2 registers "logpkt",
+"validate" and "putopt"
+
+The horizontal red lines represent arguments to callouts. When the server
+calls hook alpha, it creates an argument list and calls the
+first callout for the hook, "authorize". When that callout returns, the
+same (but possibly modified) argument list is passed to the next callout
+in the chain, "logpkt". Another, separate argument list is created for
+hook beta and passed to the callouts "check" and "validate" in
+that order. A similar sequence occurs for hook gamma.
+
+The next picture shows the scope of the context associated with a
+request.
+
+ at image html DataScopeContext.png "Illustration of per-library context"
+
+The vertical blue lines represent callout context. Context is
+per-packet but also per-library. When the server calls "authorize",
+the CalloutHandle's getContext and setContext methods access a context
+created purely for library 1. The next callout on the hook will access
+context created for library 2. These contexts are passed to the callouts
+associated with the next hook. So when "check" is called, it gets the
+context data that was set by "authorize", when "validate" is called,
+it gets the context data set by "logpkt".
+
+It is stressed that the context for callouts associated with different
+libraries is entirely separate. For example, suppose "authorize" sets
+the CalloutHandle's context item "foo" to 2 and "logpkt" sets an item of
+the same name to the string "bar". When "check" accesses the context
+item "foo", it gets a value of 2; when "validate" accesses an item of
+the same name, it gets the value "bar".
+
+It is also stressed that all this context exists only for the life of the
+request being processed. When that request is complete, all the
+context associated with that request - for all libraries - is destroyed,
+and new context created for the next request.
+
+This structure means that library authors can use per-request context
+without worrying about the presence of other libraries. Other libraries
+may be present, but will not affect the context values set by a library's
+callouts.
+
+ at subsection hooksdgInterLibraryData Passing Data Between Libraries
+
+In rare cases, it is possible that one library may want to pass
+data to another. This can be done in a limited way by means of the
+CalloutHandle's setArgument and getArgument calls. For example, in the
+above diagram, the callout "add_option" can pass a value to "putopt"
+by setting a name.value pair in the hook's argument list. "putopt"
+would be able to read this, but would not be able to return information
+back to "add_option".
+
+All argument names used by BIND 10 will be a combination of letters
+(both upper- and lower-case), digits, hyphens and underscores: no
+other characters will be used. As argument names are simple strings,
+it is suggested that if such a mechanism be used, the names of the data
+values passed between the libraries include a special character such as
+the dollar symbol or percent sign. In this way there is no danger that
+a name will conflict with any existing or future BIND 10 argument names.
+
+
+ at subsection hooksdgRegisterMultipleLibraries Dynamic Callout Registration and Multiple Libraries
+
+On a particular hook, callouts are called in the order the libraries appear
+in the configuration and, within a library, in the order the callouts
+are registered.
+
+This order applies to dynamically-registered callouts as well. As an
+example, consider the diagram above where for hook "beta", callout "check"
+is followed by callout "validate". Suppose that when "authorize" is run,
+it registers a new callout ("double_check") on hook "beta". That
+callout will be inserted at the end of the callouts registered by
+library 1 and before any registered by library 2. It would therefore
+appear between "check" and "validate". On the other hand, if it were
+"logpkt" that registered the new callout, "double_check" would appear
+after "validate".
+
+*/
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